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據(jù)我們所知，您當(dāng)時(shí)接到的是幫助中國(guó)制定機(jī)械機(jī)床工業(yè)發(fā)展道路的項(xiàng)目，當(dāng)時(shí)您為什么會(huì)接這個(gè)項(xiàng)目？當(dāng)時(shí)給出的建議是什么？如今中國(guó)機(jī)床工業(yè)規(guī)模世界第一，在那時(shí)候，您能想象到嗎？

The World Bank had invited bids for a project to develop the Chinese machinery and machine tool industry. We won this mandate. At that time most machinery production plants in China rather resembled production workshops. Visiting China’s tool manufacturing industry for the first time showed us the massive development potential. Yet despite this obvious potential, it was difficult for anyone of us to imagine that the industry would grow by an astonishing eighty-fold in the three decades to come.
The Chinese authorities acted on the huge opportunities of the time. However, the limitations of the state-directed economy in developing such an industry became obvious and they took the very courageous steps to open up the economy and give a more important role to private enterprises. It was clear that at that time state-owned enterprises were still run inefficiently but that there was also a dynamic from within these companies toward a more economic management style. We supported this development by introducing efficient governance structures and processes, new technologies as well as finance and accounting procedures.
世界銀行對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)機(jī)械機(jī)床工業(yè)的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行招標(biāo)。我們贏得了授權(quán)。當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)的大多數(shù)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)廠房更像生產(chǎn)車間。首次參觀中國(guó)的機(jī)床制造工業(yè)，我們感受到了巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。但是，盡管它的潛力十分明顯，我們還是沒(méi)有想到，在接下來(lái)的三十年，這里的工業(yè)會(huì)以八十倍的速度增長(zhǎng)，這是十分驚人的。中國(guó)當(dāng)局抓住了當(dāng)時(shí)的巨大機(jī)遇，采取了相應(yīng)行動(dòng)。然而，在發(fā)展此類工業(yè)方面，國(guó)家主導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)的局限性越來(lái)越明顯，這時(shí)中國(guó)當(dāng)局勇敢地邁出了開(kāi)放經(jīng)濟(jì)的步伐，并給予民營(yíng)企業(yè)更為重要的地位。顯而易見(jiàn)的是，當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)有企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)效率仍然十分低下，但是這些公司的內(nèi)部也充滿活力，樂(lè)于接受更為經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理方式。我們通過(guò)引進(jìn)高效的治理結(jié)構(gòu)和流程，新的技術(shù)以及財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)規(guī)程，對(duì)這種發(fā)展給予了支持。

The German machine tool industry is supreme across the globe. As things stand, the entire German industry, the manufacturing industry in particular, enjoys a strong reputation. In your opinion, what does it take to make the German industry powerful and long-lasting?
德國(guó)的機(jī)床工業(yè)是世界首屈一指的，事實(shí)上整個(gè)德國(guó)工業(yè)特別是制造業(yè)一直以來(lái)都享有盛譽(yù)，在您看來(lái)德國(guó)工業(yè)強(qiáng)盛不衰的原因是什么？

Germany has a unique mix of large corporations and SMEs as well as a good combination of industry and high-value technical services. With a share of GDP well above 20%, industry in Germany is far more important than in other developed countries like Great Britain or France, for example. Its success is based, among other things, on its decades-long experience as an export world champion. Especially Germany’s SMEs play an important role in this: 60% of the products made by approximately 1,200 “hidden champions” go to export. Their experience has provided them with a deep understanding of their international customers’ needs. Plus,they are mostly privately owned by their founders or founding families who have a strong influence on the firms’ organizational culture. Also, with their top managers often being personally liable, they focus on sustainability in the sense of long-term success rather than short-term profit. However, in order to stay successful in a changing and highly challenging competitive global economic environment, those companies urgently need to use the opportunities the digital transformation of industry – Industry 4.0 – offers.
德國(guó)大企業(yè)與中小型企業(yè)的組合十分獨(dú)特，而工業(yè)與高價(jià)值技術(shù)服務(wù)的契合度也很好。德國(guó)工業(yè)占GDP的比重超過(guò)20%，相比其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家而言，如英國(guó)或法國(guó)，工業(yè)對(duì)于德國(guó)具有更為重要的意義。德國(guó)工業(yè)獲取成功的原因有許多，其中一個(gè)就是數(shù)十年來(lái)作為全球出口“冠軍”所獲取的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。特別是德國(guó)的中小企業(yè)在其中發(fā)揮了重要作用：60%的出口產(chǎn)品均由大約1200個(gè)“隱形冠軍”所生產(chǎn)。它們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)讓它們對(duì)國(guó)際客戶的需求了如指掌。另外，它們大多數(shù)都是創(chuàng)始人或創(chuàng)始家族的私有公司，這對(duì)公司的組織文化會(huì)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響。同時(shí)，因?yàn)樗鼈兊母邔庸芾碚咄ǔ３袚?dān)個(gè)人責(zé)任，他們更專注于可持續(xù)發(fā)展，即長(zhǎng)期成功，而非短期利潤(rùn)。然而，為了在這個(gè)急劇變化、高度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中處于不敗之地，這些公司都亟需抓住工業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型，即工業(yè)4.0所帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇。